History

Significance of Stonehenge

Stonehenge is the world’s best-known ancient stone circle, lying at the heart of one of the richest archaeological landscapes in Europe. Built around the same time as the Great Pyramid in Egypt, 4,500 years ago, the finished monument of massive and finely dressed sarsen stone was unlike anything ever seen across Europe. It is a powerful memorial to a key period of British and European history, a time of transformations when landscape was being monumentalised in completely new ways as part of communities’ changing relationships with the land.

Stonehenge looking west

A World Heritage Site

The World Heritage Site Management Plan summarises the significance, or outstanding universal value, of the Stonehenge and Avebury World Heritage Site as follows:

The Stonehenge, Avebury, and Associated Sites World Heritage Site is internationally important for its complexes of outstanding prehistoric monuments. Stonehenge is the most architecturally sophisticated prehistoric stone circle in the world, while Avebury is the largest in the world. Together with inter-related monuments and their associated landscapes, they help us to understand Neolithic and Bronze Age ceremonial and mortuary practices. They demonstrate around 2000 years of continuous use and monument building between c.3700 and 1600 BC. As such they represent a unique embodiment of our collective heritage.[1]

A view down onto the interlocking sarsen circle at Stonehenge
A view down onto the interlocking sarsen circle at Stonehenge

The Stone Monument

The significance of Stonehenge itself can be summarised as follows:

  • Stonehenge is the most architecturally sophisticated and only surviving lintelled stone circle in the world.
  • The earliest stage of the monument is one of the largest cremations cemeteries known in Neolithic Britain.[2]
  • The stones were brought from long distances – the bluestones from the Preseli Hills, over 150 miles (250km) away, and the sarsens from West Woods, 15 miles (25km) north of Stonehenge on the edge of the Marlborough Downs.[3]
  • The stones were dressed using sophisticated techniques[4] and erected using precisely interlocking joints, unseen at any other prehistoric monument.
The Stonehenge landscape looking south-west
The Stonehenge landscape looking south-west

A Unique Landscape

Stonehenge does not stand in isolation, but forms part of a remarkable ancient landscape of early Neolithic, late Neolithic and early Bronze Age monuments.

Containing more than 350 burial mounds and major prehistoric monuments such as the Stonehenge Avenue, the Cursus, Woodhenge and Durrington Walls, this landscape is a vast source of information about the ceremonial and funerary practices of Neolithic and Bronze Age people.

It can also help our understanding of regional and international contacts from the 4th to the 2nd millennium BC, and shed light on how prehistoric society was organised.

A winter sunrise at Stonehenge. Its banks, ditches and standing stones were carefully aligned to mark the movement of the sun and the changing seasons
A winter sunrise at Stonehenge. Its banks, ditches and standing stones were carefully aligned to mark the movement of the sun and the changing seasons

Archaeology and Meaning

Stonehenge has often been at the forefront of the development of archaeology. Our understanding of the monument is still changing as excavations and modern archaeological techniques continue to yield more information.

Stonehenge has perhaps been the focus of more theories about its origin and purpose than any other prehistoric monument. Today, the interpretation which is most generally accepted is that of a prehistoric temple aligned with the movements of the sun. It is the most striking example of the ceremonial complexes emerging across Britain and Ireland at this time. These were places to honour the ancestors and mark important moments in the calendar. At the centre of this belief system was the sun, with the solstice alignments enshrined within the fabric of the monument. Stonehenge was not ‘one’ monument, but rather was built, altered, and revered for over 1,500 years, around 100 generations.

  

Read more about research on Stonehenge
Summer solstice celebrations at Stonehenge
Summer solstice celebrations at Stonehenge

Icon and inspiration

Finally, Stonehenge is an icon of the past and a powerful image of ancient achievement. It has been the subject of many paintings and poems and featured in books, music and films.

And while the story of Stonehenge continues to evolve, it is not simply a record of the past – it remains vibrant and compelling as an enduring place of belief and meaning that still inspires visitors and communities today.

Find out more

  • History of Stonehenge

    Read a full history of one of the world’s most famous prehistoric monuments, from its origins about 5,000 years ago to the 21st century.

  • Building Stonehenge

    Stonehenge is a masterpiece of engineering. How did Neolithic people build it using only the simple tools and technologies available to them?

  • Virtual Tour of Stonehenge

    Take an interactive tour of Stonehenge with this 360 degree view from inside the stones, which explores the monument’s key features.

  • Explore the Stonehenge Landscape

    Use these interactive images to discover what the landscape around Stonehenge has looked like from before the monument was built to the present day.

  • Research on Stonehenge

    Our understanding of Stonehenge is constantly changing as excavations and modern scientific techniques yield more information. Read a summary of both past and recent research.

  • Buy the guidebook

    The guidebook includes a tour and history of the site and its remarkable landscape, with many reconstruction drawings, historic images, maps and plans.

  • Plan of Stonehenge

    Download this PDF plan to see the phases of the building of Stonehenge, from the first earthwork to the arrangement of the bluestones.

  • More histories

    Delve into our history pages to discover more about our sites, how they have changed over time, and who made them what they are today.

Footnotes

    1.
    Official UNESCO brief description of the World Heritage Site, agreed by the World Heritage Committee, July 2008; published in C Young, A Chadburn and I Bedu, Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan 2009 (English Heritage, London, 2009), part 1, 21.
    2.
    M Parker Pearson, A Chamberlain, M Jay, P Marshall, J Pollard, C Richards, J Thomas, C Tilley and K Welham, ‘Who was buried at Stonehenge?’ Antiquity, 83 (2009), 23 (subscription required; accessed 3 March 2015).
    3.
    DJ Nash et al, ‘Origins of the sarsen megaliths at Stonehenge’, Science Advances 6:31 (2020) (accessed 30 July 2020).
    4.
    M Abbott and H Anderson-Whymark, Stonehenge Laser Scan: Archaeological Analysis, English Heritage Research Department Report 32-2012 (English Heritage, 2012), 26–37.